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THE LINES, AND WHAT THEY MISS 01| The first thing that strikes you when you dive into the strategies that governments use to fight poverty is the almost obsessive effort to define the poor. In certain countries, you are extremely poor when you earn less than U$3.00 a day. Yet if you earn U$3.25, you are just poor. Yet what is the difference in living between earning U$2.90 or U$3.25—a 10% differential? Are you really better off? Maybe you need to travel more—take two buses in

THE SCOREBOARD AND THE SHOCK 01| The prevalent thinking that equates poverty strictly with a lack of income continues to be reinforced by poverty lines that capture households, scored on money, at a single moment in time. While nearly every official statistic defaults to this unit, other systems attempt to measure deprivation in all of its dimensions. 02| The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), produced by the UNDP and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiat

THE WEIGHT OF THE ADDRESS 01| A line measures money, per household. It does not see the street. That the street matters is one of the better-established findings in the field. Raj Chetty and Nathaniel Hendren, working with Moving to Opportunity experimental data and administrative tax records, found that each additional year of childhood spent in a better area raises college attendance and adult earnings, and that gains are larger the younger a child is when the family moves.

WHERE URBAN POVERTY LIVES 01| Urban poverty does not scatter at random across a city map. It settles with brutal spatial precision. If you trace the geography of low-income settlements in almost any major city across the globe, you will find that high-poverty neighborhoods land in the exact physical spaces where land values have been suppressed by environmental hazards, structural danger, or municipal neglect. The private real estate market does not randomly allocate space; i

THE MIXED BARRIO 01| Mainstream anti-poverty policy looks at a high-poverty ZIP code from a comfortable downtown office and treats the entire barrio as a flat, monolithic zone of uniform destitution. Bureaucrats draw an arbitrary financial line on paper—an official poverty threshold—and pretend everyone below it is identical, while everyone above it belongs to a completely different economic world. 02| That is academic fantasy. Categorizing an entire spatial zone as a "ghetto

QQ: Who makes a poor neighbourhood unsafe? AA: Almost always someone from inside it. The classmate, the husband, the neighbour's son, the local boys. This is not a place under attack from outside. It is a place that has lost the power to stop its own members, and the ladder below shows exactly where that power ran out. 01| Start forty thousand years back. The anthropologist Christopher Boehm spent his career on how groups with no police, no courts and no prisons kept order. H

QQ: When the government is not the only one making rules, who else makes them, and what do they charge? AA: Armed gangs. And not because the police vanished — the police are right there. The gang is the missing regulation, privatised and armed. It sells the one thing the barrio cannot produce for itself: that a deal will hold. 01| Everyone tells the same story about bad neighbourhoods. The government gave up, walked away, left a hole, and the gangs moved into it. It is short

QQ: What happens to a place when the people living there decide it is safer to stay inside? AA: Each of them is right, and together they are ruined. The street empties, the shops close, the groups that held the place together die — and the emptier it gets, the more dangerous it is, which makes staying inside even more sensible than it was yesterday. 01| Begin with a decision so ordinary nobody calls it one. There is a corner where things happen. You stop walking past it. You

WHAT MOVES IT QQ: Can a dangerous place be made safer, or is it stuck? AA: It moves, and we know a fair amount about what moves it. Everything that works changes the situation rather than the person — the hour, the tools, the space. The one thing that would rebuild the missing authority is also the most dangerous thing on the list, and nobody has solved it. 01| Almost every conversation about violence is about people: bad families, bad values, bad young men. The evidence poin